ENTRY

Peter Jacob Carter (1845–1886)

SUMMARY

Peter Jacob Carter, a member of the House of Delegates (1871–1878), was the Eastern Shore’s predominant African American politician in the decades following the American Civil War. Born in Northampton County, Carter escaped from slavery and then served for more than two years with the U.S. Colored Infantry. In 1871 he won election as a Republican to the House of Delegates representing Northampton County. He was reelected three more times, and his eight-year tenure was one of the longest among nineteenth-century African American members of the General Assembly. Carter was a Funder Republican—that is, he supported the aggressive repayment of Virginia’s antebellum debt—a rare position for an African American politician. Conservatives gerrymandered Carter out of his district ahead of the 1879 elections, and he lost his bid for a seat in the Senate of Virginia. He retained much of his political power, dispensing federal patronage and chairing the state’s delegation to the Republican National Convention in 1880. He left the party to join William Mahone‘s Readjusters, a Republican-allied coalition that sought to readjust Virginia’s payment of its antebellum debt. Carter was rewarded for his support by being elected doorkeeper of the Senate of Virginia in 1881 and appointed rector of Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (later Virginia State University) in 1883. He died in 1886, probably of appendicitis.

Early Years

Carter was born into slavery in the town of Eastville, in Northampton County, on May 29, 1845. His parents were named Jacob and Peggie. According to family tradition, his father, whose surname was probably Carter, was the son of Pierre De Carte, a free native of West Africa, and an enslaved Virginia woman. Carter, a younger brother and sister, and their mother belonged to Calvin H. Read, a schoolteacher who may have taught Carter to read. By 1858 Read had moved to Baltimore. To repay $1,000 he had borrowed from his wife’s separate estate, he deeded to her on December 5, 1860, Carter, two of his siblings, and their mother, all enumerated in the deed as residing in Northampton County.

African American Teamsters at Bermuda Hundred

In November 1861 Union troops occupied the Eastern Shore and held the area for the remainder of the Civil War. Carter escaped from slavery, and on October 30, 1863, in Eastville he enlisted in Company B of the 10th Regiment United States Colored Infantry. Arrested for mutiny early in February 1864 and imprisoned at Camp Hamilton, he was released on May 22 after the charges were withdrawn and then returned to duty with his regiment at Bermuda Hundred. Carter served with the quartermaster department from September through December 1865 and then on detached duty with the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands from January through April 1866. He mustered out on May 17, 1866, at Galveston, Texas.

Carter settled in Franktown, in Northampton County, and from 1869 to 1871 attended the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (later Hampton University). By February 10, 1873 he had married Georgianna Mapp. They had one daughter and three sons, one of whom died in childhood.

Political Career

Legislature of Virginia

In November 1871, with votes from many of the Eastern Shore’s freedpeople, Carter won election as a Republican to Northampton County’s seat in the House of Delegates. His opponent unsuccessfully contested the election. Carter was appointed to the Committees of Agriculture and Mining and on Retrenchment and Economy. He won reelection three times, and his eight-year tenure was one of the longest among nineteenth-century African American members of the General Assembly. He held the same committee assignments until his last term, when he was named to the Committee on Claims and the Committee on Militia and Police. Carter introduced bills dealing with such local concerns as taxes on oysters and boundaries of election precincts, and he attempted to correct abuse of prisoners in the state penitentiary, improve care of Black deaf-mutes, and provide housing for the aged or afflicted poor in Richmond. He sought to amend antebellum laws pertaining to juries and criminal laws that discriminated between Blacks and whites. Carter’s bill to incorporate the Northampton Land Association, of which several Black leaders were members, passed in March 1875.

President Ulysses S. Grant

A fine speaker and formidable presence, Carter quickly emerged as one of the leading African American members of the assembly. In 1872 he joined a delegation that met with President Ulysses S. Grant to solicit support of the civil rights bill pending in Congress. Later that year Carter attended the Republican Party national convention that renominated Grant. At the Republican State Convention that met in Lynchburg on July 29, 1873, Carter was a sergeant at arms and a vice president, and he won election to the state committee. Newspapers believed him the likely choice for a place on the state ticket, should white leaders decide to nominate an African American.

On August 19, 1875, about a hundred Black delegates from more than forty counties and cities assembled in Richmond in response to a call from African American legislators. Carter served on the Committees on Address and on Resolutions and also was sergeant at arms. He acted as temporary chair and employed his gavel frequently during intense debates over education, jobs, party organization, and other issues. He introduced a resolution calling for the replacement of the state superintendent of education, and he and another delegate nearly came to fisticuffs while arguing about the state debt. Carter was appointed to a committee on labor unions, and after the convention adjourned the committee elected him treasurer of the short-lived statewide Laboring Men’s Mechanics’ Union Association, with proposed headquarters in Richmond.

During Carter’s eight years in the General Assembly, the most divisive political issue was payment of Virginia’s antebellum debt. The Funding Act passed in March 1871 committed the state to payment of the full principal and interest, but inadequate revenue required the assembly on December 15 of that year to suspend payment temporarily. Carter voted for suspension. On January 5, 1872, he voted with the majority in support of a joint resolution to discontinue the issuance of bonds for funding the public debt. Carter joined the majority on March 2, 1872, in overriding the governor’s veto and passing a bill that prohibited using coupons to pay taxes and debts, thereby repealing a key provision of the Funding Act. Many white Republicans supported full funding, but many Black Republicans, who with other whites came to be called Readjusters, opposed raising taxes for that purpose and feared that the new public school system would be endangered if money were diverted from education to debt service.

Although Carter represented an area that had not benefited from the expenditures on internal improvements that had created the state debt, he believed that Virginia should honor its full obligation. In December 1875 he voted with the assembly minority for Williams Carter Wickham, a former Confederate general and a Funder Republican, for the U.S. Senate. On February 7, 1878, Carter proposed raising taxes to pay off the debt. Acknowledging that the cost would be passed along to his own constituents, he declared, “In every way it is plain the working man—the Virginia negro—pays the additional tax. I belong to that toiling race. I am a poor man; but like my brethren, who will feel a higher tax keenly, I am ready to raise the rate and preserve the honor of the old Commonwealth.” Two days later he was the only Republican to vote against the so-called Barbour bill that some regarded as a prelude to partial repudiation. Carter did not vote on March 24, 1879, when the assembly passed a bill to pay the debt in full but at a reduced rate of interest. As a Richmond newspaper observed, Carter was “no less a curiosity than a colored Funder and the only one of his race in Virginia who has ever voted in the Legislature for an increase of taxation to meet the indebtedness of the Commonwealth.”

Carter was temporary chair of the Republican State Convention that met in Lynchburg in April 1876 and that named him a delegate to the national convention. In September of that year, he attended the First Congressional District convention in Fredericksburg. Carter won reelection to the General Assembly in 1877, but before the next election Conservatives created a flotorial district consisting of Accomack and Northampton counties in hope of defeating him. He did not seek reelection from the gerrymandered district in 1879. Instead, Carter campaigned for the seat in the Senate of Virginia representing those two counties but lost by a margin of 1,224 votes out of 2,964 cast. Even out of office, Carter remained the predominant Black leader on the Eastern Shore. He controlled the county’s federal patronage and enjoyed the income from his federal job as lighthouse keeper at Cherrystone Inlet. In April 1880 he was once again elected temporary chair of the Republican State Convention, sat on its Committee on Resolutions, and in June chaired the Virginia delegation to the party’s national convention.

The "Southern Brigadier" as the Balance of Power in a "Loyal" Senate

The Readjuster leader, Senator William Mahone, formed an alliance with national Republican leaders in 1881 and received a share of the state’s federal patronage. Heavily courted by Mahone, Carter left the declining Republican Party, embraced a coalition with the Readjusters, and was president of a committee to reconcile mainstream and Readjuster Republicans. The Republicans failed to name a ticket for the next election, and Carter, though called a traitor and accused of taking a bribe, worked tirelessly for Readjuster candidates. In November the party captured both houses of the legislature and the governorship. As a reward, the Senate of Virginia elected Carter doorkeeper on December 7, 1881.

Carter chaired the 1882 First Congressional District Readjuster convention that nominated Robert Murphy Mayo for the House of Representatives, and he campaigned for the successful Mayo throughout the far-flung district. Stumping also for Readjusters elsewhere in Virginia, he ably debated opponents “with gloves off,” as he noted in a letter to Mahone. During the 1883 campaign, Carter signed a circular address to the Black voters of the state, recounting the benefits that they had received from the Readjusters. A riot in Danville days before the election helped Democrats seize control of the assembly and effectively terminated the existence of the Readjuster Party. Black leaders assembled in Norfolk in December, with Carter in the chair, to protest the deadly events in Danville and subsequently drafted a set of grievances.

First Graduating Class of Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute

Early in 1884, Carter served on the state Republican Central Committee and in April attended the Readjuster-Coalition state convention, which dropped the name Readjuster and proclaimed itself the Republican Party of Virginia. He was a member of the Committee on General Business. Carter also sat on the Committee on Business during the 1885 state Republican convention. During the ensuing campaign, he reported attempts by Democrats to bribe him and to bribe and deceive other Black voters.

Carter’s political importance earned him an appointment to the board of the new Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (later Virginia State University), and at the initial meeting on February 15, 1883, the other members elected him rector. He served for about two years. When not engaged in public life, Carter farmed the 150 acres that he owned near Franktown. He also owned several other smaller parcels of land. For a time he was a merchant and also served as a justice of the peace.

Later Years

On November 28, 1882, his wife died, and on July 17, 1884, Carter married Maggie F. Treherne, of Accomack County. They had a son, William M. Carter, apparently named in honor of William Mahone. After Carter’s death this son changed his name to Peter J. Carter, studied medicine at Howard University, and during the 1930s was a physician at the veterans’ hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama. Carter became ill while traveling by steamer from Norfolk to the Eastern Shore and died on July 19, 1886, probably of appendicitis. He was buried in the family cemetery near Franktown.

MAP
TIMELINE
May 29, 1845
Peter Jacob Carter is born into slavery in Eastville, in Northampton County. His parents are named Jacob and Peggie.
December 5, 1860
Calvin H. Read, a schoolteacher and slave-owner residing in Baltimore, deeds Peter Jacob Carter, Carter's two younger siblings, and Carter's mother to his wife as payment for a $1,000 debt. The Carters are all enumerated in the deed as residing in Northampton County.
October 30, 1863
Having escaped from slavery, Peter Jacob Carter enlists in Company B of the 10th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment.
February 1864
Peter Jacob Carter is arrested for mutiny and imprisoned at Camp Hamilton.
May 22, 1864
The charges against Peter Jacob Carter are withdrawn and he is released from prison at Camp Hamilton. He returns to duty with his regiment at Bermuda Hundred.
May 17, 1866
Peter Jacob Carter is discharged from service at Galveston, Texas.
1869—1871
Peter Jacob Carter attends the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute.
November 1871
Peter Jacob Carter wins election as a Republican to Northampton County's seat in the House of Delegates. His opponent unsuccessfully contests the election.
1872
Peter Jacob Carter joins a delegation that meets with President Ulysses S. Grant to solicit support of the civil rights bill pending in Congress.
January 5, 1872
Peter Jacob Carter votes with the majority in the House of Delegates in support of a joint resolution to discontinue the issuance of bonds for funding the public debt.
March 2, 1872
Peter Jacob Carter joins the majority in the House of Delegates in overriding the governor's veto and passing a bill that prohibits using coupons to pay taxes and debts, thereby repealing a key provision of the Funding Act.
February 10, 1873
By this date, Peter Jacob Carter and Georgianna Mapp are married. They will have one daughter and three sons, one of whom dies in childhood.
July 29, 1873
Peter Jacob Carter wins election to the state committee at the Republican State Convention in Lynchburg.
August 19, 1875
At a convention held in Richmond in response to a call from African American legislators, Peter Jacob Carter serves on the Committees on Address and on Resolutions and is sergeant at arms.
April 1876
Peter Jacob Carter is temporary chair of the Republican State Convention and named a delegate to the national convention.
1877
Peter Jacob Carter wins reelection to the General Assembly.
February 7, 1878
Peter Jacob Carter proposes raising taxes to pay off the debt.
1879
Peter Jacob Carter does not seek reelection to the House of Delegates, instead campaigning for a seat in the Senate of Virginia representing Accomack and Northampton counties. He loses the election.
November 28, 1882
Georgianna Mapp Carter, wife of Peter Jacob Carter, dies.
ca. 1883
Peter Jacob Carter is appointed to the board of the new Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (later Virginia State University).
February 15, 1883
Peter Jacob Carter is elected rector of the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (later Virginia State University). He serves in the position for about two years.
July 17, 1884
Peter Jacob Carter marries Maggie F. Treherne, of Accomack County. They will have a son.
1885
Peter Jacob Carter also sat on the Committee on Business during the 1885 state Republican convention.
July 19, 1886
Peter Jacob Carter dies, probably of appendicitis. He is buried in the family cemetery near Franktown.
FURTHER READING
  • Aptheker, Herbert, ed. A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. New York: Citadel Press, 1951–1994.
  • Foner, Eric. Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction. 1996 ed. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.
  • Gunter, Donald W. “Carter, Peter Jacob.” In the Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Vol. 3, edited by Sara B. Bearss, et al., 81–84. Richmond: Library of Virginia, 2006.
  • Jackson, Luther Porter. Negro Office-Holders in Virginia, 1865–1895. Norfolk, Virginia: Guide Quality Press, 1945.
CITE THIS ENTRY
APA Citation:
Gunter, Donald & Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Peter Jacob Carter (1845–1886). (2020, December 07). In Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/carter-peter-jacob-1845-1886.
MLA Citation:
Gunter, Donald, and Dictionary of Virginia Biography. "Peter Jacob Carter (1845–1886)" Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities, (07 Dec. 2020). Web. 01 Jun. 2023
Last updated: 2023, March 16
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